課程介紹

在國際領域中，正義有任何力量嗎？在回答這個最根本的問題之前，也許最好的方法是回到個別具體的國際議題中，審視我們會持什麼樣的道德立場，然後再思考我們真的能夠放棄這些道德立場嗎？我們能夠放棄到什麼程度？
本課程將閱讀和討論國際領域中的道德或正義等議題的主要政治理論著作。我們首先初步熟悉古羅馬和基督教兩個影響西方深遠的傳統，這兩個傳統在討論萬國間的正義/法律(ius gentium or the law of nations)關係時，也同時考慮了人作為人的自然社會性(natural sociability)的豐富關係。奠基近代國際世界思維的馬基維利、格勞休斯和霍布斯等人的思考，都是和這兩個大傳統對話而形成。在這些傳統國際思維中，國與國之間主要的核心道德問題是：戰爭是否合乎正義、正義的戰爭的條件有哪些等等，這些問題構成了傳統國際道德思考的主要部分。我們第一個重心將放在當代對義戰的討論，主要閱讀的文本是Michael Walzer的Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations，以及和他對話的許多作品。從干預這個議題，我們也將延伸討論共同體自決的議題。然後我們把重心轉移到自由主義的普世主義者們(liberal cosmopolitans)身上。康德是第一個打破萬民法傳統，把個人提昇到國際法地位的人，他引起的革命，繼續成為當代許多國際道德議題的主要動能，包括國際經濟正義、移民與邊界、環境正義問題等等，我們也將考慮對普世主義的批評。接下來，我們將花兩週討論後殖民觀點。最後我們將討論全球制度的治理問題。


Week 1(2/23)：現實主義與正義: 雅典人與斯巴達的爭論

Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War (Modern Library College Editions), Book I, Ch.6 (the debate at Sparta); and Book V, Ch.7 (the Melian dialogue).

Week 2(3/1)：西賽羅：共和國、人類社群與戰爭

Cicero, On Duties (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), Book I.9-17(beneficial and honorable), 34-40(War), 50-59(fellowships), Book II.21-26(good will or fear), 64(liberality/hospitality), 73-85(property), Book III.21-31(benefit from others’cost/the law of nations), 46-49(the appearance of public benefit vs. honorable), 69(the law of nations/civil law), 107-115(oath keeping with enemies)

Cicero, Republic (Loeb Cicero’s work XVI), Book III.27-28(p.206-209) (Carneades’s polemic against justice), 33-37(p.210-213)(Cicero on the difference between individual and the state)

Week 3(3/8)：基督教：人類社群、自然法與義戰

The Ethics of War, ed. Gregory Reichberg and others (Blackwell Publishing, 2006) Chapter 16(Thomas Aquinas), Chapter 27(Francisco de Vitoria)

Week 4(3/15)：義戰與自衛

Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, Chapters 4, 5.
David Luban, 'The Romance of the Nation-State', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 9/4 (1980), 392-397.
David Rodin, “War and Self-Defense”; Jeff McMahan, “War as Self-Defense”; Rodin, “Beyond National Self-Defense” – Ethics and International Affairs 18 (2004): 63-5, 75-80, 93-8
Jeff McMahan, “Just Cause for War,” Ethics and International Affairs 19 (2005):1-21.

Week 5(3/22)：義戰與人道干預

Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, Chapter 6.
David Luban, 'Just War and Human Rights', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 9/2 (1980), 160-181.
Henry Shue, 'Let Whatever Is Smouldering Erupt? Conditional Sovereignty Reviewable Intervention and Rwanda 1994', in Paolini et al. (eds.), Between Sovereignty and Global Governance : The United Nations, the State and Civil Society (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), 35-59.
David Mellow, 'Iraq: A Morally Justified Resort to War', Journal of Applied Philosophy, 23/3 (2006), 293-310.

Week 6(3/29)：Self-determination(自決)

Allen Buchanan, Justice, Legitimacy and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), Chapters 8 and 9.
David Miller, On Nationality, Chapter 4.
Young, Iris Marion. Global Challenges, Chapters 2 and 3.

Week 7(4/5)：戰爭中的正義：殺戰鬥人員的道德問題

Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, Chapter 3, 8.
Jeff McMahan, 'On the Moral Equality of Combatants', Journal of Political Philosophy, 14/4 (2006), 377-393.
Michael Walzer, 'Response to Mcmahan’s Paper', Philosophia, 34/1 (2006), 43-45.
Noam J. Zohar, 'Collective War and Individualistic Ethics: Against the Conscription Of "Self-Defence"', Political Theory, 21/4 (1993), 606-622.
Gerhard Overland, 'Killing Soldiers', Ethics & International Affairs, 20/4 (2006), 455-475.

Week 8(4/12)：戰爭中的正義：殺平民的道德問題/恐怖主義

Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars, Chapter 9-10, 13, 14.
Larry May, 'Killing Naked Soldiers: Distinguishing between Combatants and Noncombatants', Ethics & International Affairs, 19/3 (2005), 39-53.
Thomas Nagel, 'War and Massacre', Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1/2 (1972), 123-144.
F. Kamm, 'Terror and Collateral Damage: Are They Permissible?' The Journal of Ethics, 9/3 (2005), 381-401.
Walzer, 'Terrorism and Just War', Philosophia, 34/1 (2006), 3-12.

Week 9(4/19)：啟蒙普世主義：康德與當代普世主義

Immanuel Kant, “Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch in Kant”: Political Writings ed. H.Reiss, pp. 93 – 130.
Juergen Habermas, “Kant’s Perpetual Peace at 200 Years Remove,” in The
Inclusion of the Other, pp. 165-201

Week 10(4/26)：經濟正義:全球貧窮

Peter Singer, “Famine, Affluence, and Morality,” Philosophy and Public Affairs 1
(1972), pp 229-243
Thomas Pogge, World Poverty and Human Rights, chaps. 4, 8
Charles Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations, pp. 127-153

Week 11(5/3)：經濟正義:全球化

Joseph Stiglitz, Making Globalization Work, chapters 1-3.
Walden Bello, Deglobalization, chapter 7.

Week 12(5/10)：移民與邊界

Joseph Carens, “Migration and Morality: A liberal egalitarian perspective” in Brian Barry and Robert Goodin, eds., Free Movement (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), pp. 25-47.
James Woodward, “Liberalism and migration” in Barry and Goodin, Free Movement, pp. 59-84.
Michael Dummett, On Immigration and Refugees (London: Routledge, 2001), pp. 14-21, 46-53.
Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice, chap. 2

Week 13(5/17)：對普世主義的批評

Alasdair MacIntyre, (1984), Is Patriotism a Virtue? (The Lindley Lecture), Lawrence: University of Kansas. Reprinted in Primoratz (ed.) (2002).
Robert Goodin, “What is So Special about Our Fellow Countrymen?” Ethics, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Jul., 1988), pp. 663-686
Samuel Scheffler, ‘Families, Nations and Strangers’ (Chapter 3) pp. 48-65, in Boundaries and Allegiances: Problems of Justice and Responsibility in Liberal Thought (Oxford University Press, 2003)
Miller, David. “The ethical significance of nationality,” Ethics 98, 4 (July 1988), 647-
662.

Week 14(5/24)：全球環境正義

Robert Goodin, “International Ethics and Environmental Crisis,” Ethics and International Affairs 4 (1):91–105.
Henry Shue ,”Global environment and international inequality,” International Affairs 75 (1999): 531-45.
Smitu Kothari, “Social Movements, Ecology, and Justice,” in Hampson and Reppy,
pp. 154-172; in Fen Osler Hampson and Judith Reppy, ed., Earthly Goods: Environmental Change and Social Justice, Cornell University Press, 1996.
Peter Timmerman, “Breathing Room: Negotiations on Climate Change,”
Hampson and Reppy, pp. 221-240.

Week 15(5/31)：後殖民:非洲

Franz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks(整本書) (New York: Grove Press, 1967)

Week 16(6/7)：後殖民: 印度、美洲

Enrique Dussel, The Invention of the Americas (New York: Continuum, 1995), Chapters 1-3(pp19-48); “Beyond Eurocentrism：The World System and the Limits of Modernity” in The Culture of Globalization, ed. F. Jameson and M. Miyoshi, pp3-31.

Partha Chatterjee, The Nation and Its Fragments (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), Chapters 1-3

Week 17(6/14)：全球治理的問題

Robert Keohane, “Governance in a Partially Globalized World,” American Political Science Review 95 (2001): 1-13.
John Mearsheimer, "The False Promise of International Institutions," International Security 19 (1994/5): 5-49.
Richard Miller, “Global Institutional Reform and Global Social Movements: From False Promise to Realistic Hope,” Cornell International Law Journal (Fall, 2006), p.501-514.